Free Essays on Argument Essay On Drinking Age

The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered You generally need what you can’t have, But on the off chance that u could have it, would you despite everything need it, or pine for it. That’s the current inquiry. From the second we can see how rules work it’s in betted in our psyches that we can’t drink, smell or even gander at liquor until the period of 21.At least that’s how my age grew up, yet it hasn’t consistently been that way. In 1987 the choice was made to raise the drinking age from 18 to 21. This isn't the first run through drinking mixed refreshments has been managed. In the 1920’s National probation was upheld, and in the 1850’s state restriction. These laws were upheld so brutally a backfire happened and considerably increasingly social issues occurred. We are doing precisely the same thing today, by denying individuals under 21 not to drink. Doing this it is causing and much more terrible backfire then it did in the 1920’s. Understudies are being compelled to make there own little bars in their apartment or lofts, where hitting the bottle hard happens and so as to get alcoholic quicker before they get captured. This law is making drunkards not forestalling them this needs to change. Its an obvious fact that drinking goes on in the school air, I would lie on the off chance that I said it didn’t. Be that as it may, were not 21 when we head off to college, were 18. At the point when somebody becomes 18 they are legitimately viewed as a grown-up. With the title of grown-up come extraordinary obligations. You can lawfully cast a ballot, you can do battle, get hitched, smoke, yet we can have a container of wine at our wedding or a shot in the wake of a monotonous days work on the war front. This fair doesn’t sound good to me. The hypothesis is that individuals younger than 21 are neither truly or sincerely created to drink liquor, however yet ingrain there prepared at 18 years old to shoot a man in a war. Can any anyone explain why different nations discover their children capable enough to drink at 16 or 17. What makes American children so extraordinary. Maybe on the off chance that we were t... Free Essays on Argument Essay On Drinking Age Free Essays on Argument Essay On Drinking Age The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered You generally need what you can’t have, But on the off chance that u could have it, would you despite everything need it, or pine for it. That’s the current inquiry. From the second we can see how rules work it’s in betted in our psyches that we can’t drink, smell or even gander at liquor until the time of 21.At least that’s how my age grew up, however it hasn’t consistently been that way. In 1987 the choice was made to raise the drinking age from 18 to 21. This isn't the first run through drinking mixed refreshments has been directed. In the 1920’s National probation was authorized, and in the 1850’s state denial. These laws were authorized so brutally a kickback happened and considerably increasingly social issues occurred. We are doing precisely the same thing today, by restricting individuals under 21 not to drink. Doing this it is causing and much more terrible kickback then it did in the 1920’s. Undergrads are being compelled to make there own little bars in their apartment or lofts, where hitting the bottle hard happens and so as to get alcoholic quicker before they get captured. This law is making drunkards not forestalling them this needs to change. Its a well known fact that drinking goes on in the school environment, I would lie on the off chance that I said it didn’t. Be that as it may, were not 21 when we head off to college, were 18. At the point when somebody becomes 18 they are lawfully viewed as a grown-up. With the title of grown-up come incredible obligations. You can lawfully cast a ballot, you can do battle, get hitched, smoke, however yet we can have a container of wine at our wedding or a shot in the wake of a monotonous days work on the war front. This equitable doesn’t sound good to me. The hypothesis is that individuals younger than 21 are neither truly or genuinely created to drink liquor, however yet impart there prepared at 18 years old to shoot a man in a war. Can any anyone explain why different nations discover their children dependable enough to drink at 16 or 17. What makes American children so extraordinary. Maybe in the event that we were t...

The Sharpe Ratio and the Information Ratio Essay Example

The Sharpe Ratio and the Information Ratio Essay The article, â€Å"The Sharpe Ratio and the Information Ratio†, by Deborah Kidd is about the first hazard balanced execution measure and they are Sharpe proportion and the Information Ratio. William Sharpe planned the primary execution metric to insolate overabundance return per unit of complete hazard taken. The Sharpe proportion shows whether a portfolios returnsâ are because of keen venture choices or an aftereffect of overabundance chance. The Sharpe proportion measure profits normal portfolio abundance return over the example time frame by the standard deviation of profits over that period. It quantifies the prize to unpredictability exchange off. The Information Ratio is a proportion of portfolio returnsâ above theâ returnsâ of a benchmark to the instability of those profits. The data proportion separates the alpha of the portfolio by the nonsystematic danger of the portfolio. It estimates strange return per unit of hazard that on a basic level could be differentiated away by holding a market file portfolio. There are two key focuses that the writer was conveying to its’ perusers. The main key point identifies with the favorable circumstances and detriments of the Shape proportion. The subsequent key point identifies with the favorable circumstances and detriments of the Information Ratio. The principal key point is the preferences and disservices of the Sharpe proportion. A detriment of the Sharpe is that it is communicated as a crude number and the higher the Sharpe proportion is the better. Another impediment is that the Sharpe proportion possibly utilizes standard deviation while computing the hazard. So it would be unbalanced while figuring the Ratio for awry returns. Another hindrances of Sharpe’s proportion is that Sharpe proportion ought not be utilized as a measure to think about portfolios since when there is a negative Sharpe proportion the hazard increments. We will compose a custom paper test on The Sharpe Ratio and the Information Ratio explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Sharpe Ratio and the Information Ratio explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Sharpe Ratio and the Information Ratio explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A bit of leeway of the Sharpe proportion is that it very well may be effectively determined without requiring any extra information in regards to the asset’s productivity. Another preferred position is that individuals can tell the profits with no additional data about the wellspring of benefit. Kidd expressed, â€Å"The Sharpe proportion is the business standard for estimating hazard balanced returns†, (Kidd, p. 3, 2011). This implies the Sharpe proportion is utilized to assess the presentation of a portfolio. The subsequent key point is the preferences and weaknesses of the Information proportion. A bit of leeway of an Information proportion is that it gauges the additional arrival individuals can acquire from security investigation contrasted with the firm explicit hazard. Another preferred position is that data ratio’s are best utilized for estimating dynamic administrators against an aloof benchmark. A hindrance of the Information proportion is that it doesn't really give steady evaluations of exhibitions. Another detriment is that data proportions can assess portfolios with ordinary anticipated return, yet don't make a difference to such lopsided bring methodologies back. Kidd says, â€Å"The data proportions is frequently alluded to as a variety or summed up form of the Sharpe ratio† (Kidd, p. 2, 2011), which implies they are comparable, yet the Information proportions expands. That is on the grounds that data proportion has been showing improvement over stocks on a hazard balanced premise on better yield. At the point when utilized effectively, the Sharpe proportion and the data proportion can be important devices. These proportions are generally valuable for assessing portfolios with typical expected return circulations, (Kidd, 2011). Be that as it may, these proportions might be misdirecting whenever utilized innocently. Both the Sharpe proportion and the Information proportion, doesn't consider dynamic connections between's benefit classes. As it identifies with financial specialists, it is significant for them to be careful that extensive stretches may expand a portfolio’s Sharpe proportion because of lower instability for extensive stretches. To the extent the data proportions, they depend on longer periods, which results for them being progressively significant on the grounds that they are steady in chief aptitude. References Kidd, D. (2011). The sharpe proportion and the data proportion. Venture Performance Measurement, 1-3.

Introduction to Data Management Platforms (DMP)

Introduction to Data Management Platforms (DMP) Technology has transformed the way companies use data. Today’s companies need more data to streamline their marketing campaigns and to target their products for the right audience. But it isn’t just about gathering information â€" companies also need to be able to use this information and integrate it to their service.New data platforms have emerged from these basic needs and one of the most popular one is the data management platform (DMP). DMPs have quickly transformed the way companies gather and use information. This has also led to the emergence of unique DMPs, with different functions to help provide benefits for companies. Picking the right platform from the crowd can be difficult, especially if you are unsure what the platform is all about.If you want to improve the way your business collects and gathers data, this introduction will help you understand what are the core functions of DMPs. You’ll also understand what are the benefits to using a DMP and how you can pick t he right platform for your business needs. © Shutterstock.com | Mathias RosenthalIn this article, we will discuss 1) what Data Management Platforms are, 2) the main features of good DMPs, 3) the benefits of using DMPs, and 4) how to start using a DMP.WHAT ARE DATA MANAGEMENT PLATFORMS (DMPs)?Although DMPs have been around for quite a while now, they are not very well known for companies, especially outside of the marketing industry. This is partly down to the difficulty in understanding what is unique about DMPs and the functions of using the platform.There are a few ways to define DMPs. The simple definition of DMP is that they are similar to platforms, which save and store data. DMP is special software that stores the data but also organizes it and presents the information in a manner that help users to make better decisions, especially in regards of marketing.In technical terms, the platform’s operations can be explained as the dispersion of information from different data sources and the resulting segmentation of this information. The information DMP uses often comes from the users’ online and offline data, such as sales records or site visitors. But it also uses third party data sources to ensure the information is the most accurate and useful for the user.The above definition might seem like DMPs are database systems, but they are different to a typical database. Although you could technically store all sorts of information in DMPs, it is mainly used to store data that helps in advertising strategies. In addition, the ability to analyze and present the information in segments is a core aspect of DMPs. Essentially DMPs are all about understanding customer information in a more analytic manner.Three main functionsIt is easier to understand the definition of DMPs by looking at its core functions. As you’ll see later in the guide, good DMPs are much more than just these three functions, but they will help understand the benefits and uses of DMPs.The three functions of DMPs include:Import data â €" DMP gathers information from the three sources mentioned above: online and offline data, as well as third party data. It imports all this information to the platform.Find segments â€" As the information is implemented, DMP starts to look for segments. These can be defined by the user according to their needs. Perhaps you’ll need to find audiences that are from a specific demographic and so on. You can also change and adjust these segments along the way.Send instructions â€" Finally, the platform will finally send instructions to help users utilize the above segments and data in marketing. It can fine-tune your marketing strategies in an efficient way.The above is just an overall look at the functions and each point is delved in deeper at the next section.What is the difference between DMP and DSP?You might have heard about demand-side platforms (DSP) and you might be confused whether DMP and DSP are essentially the same thing. There is a big difference in terms of use and funct ion.DSPs are platforms used for buying advertising, often based on the information provided by DMPs. Often information flows directly from a DMP to a DSP. While DMP will provide marketers a lot of useful information, the platform itself won’t allow putting this information into use.The difference between the two platforms is beginning to fade a bit. This is because many technology providers of DMPs also provide DSPs. This often provides users a single platform experience, which in some instances can be more convenient. THE MAIN FEATURES OF GOOD DMPsThe above three functions can be viewed in a more detailed manner as well. The below features give you a better and more detailed understanding of the benefits marketers and publishers will enjoy using DMPs.Data collectionData collection is naturally the core function of DMPs. It is essentially about the first core function: importing data. DMPs can collect and import data in a number of ways. Data collection is usually focused on impor ting data from the company’s marketing systems and platforms. This could be through e-commerce and customer platforms, e-mail, social media and other similar sources.Data collection also helps to match data to similar information. For example, DMP allows the recognition of customer IDs that then will be linked to information found during the data collection. Therefore, it makes it easier to match information to specific customers, even in cases of use of anonymous ID.Finally, data collection through DMP doesn’t take place at a specific time, but it is a continuous process. Therefore, you’ll continue to collect data as it becomes available. This guarantees the end-product is always up to date. Furthermore, you should find a DMP system, which allows you to import offline data as well. Not all data is necessarily online and, for example, if you want to include in-store behavior to your data, it is crucial to be able to implement offline data.Data classificationData classification falls under the second category of creating segments based on the data. This feature of DMP is all about providing enough information to define groups, which can then be used to improve marketing.These can be organized in clusters and segments of your choosing. DMPs allow you to define your own groups based on the needs of your business project and campaign.Data classification essentially allows you create audience profiles, which can be used later for marketing purposes.Data analysisThe segments can then be used for data analysis. You can utilize data analysis in different ways depending on your specific needs. Most common examples include using the data to estimate price for a new product and understanding the reach of your new marketing campaign.DMPs can also use the data to suggest new target markets. Including a huge amount of data to your analysis, the platform can find connections you might have missed. In fact, DMPs can teach you a lot about your customers.Often the data an alysis includes a certain level of report creation. Overall, the above information can be used directly for advertising and marketing purposes. This can be anything from direct advertising to website personalization and so on. You often also have options to deciding how the report lays out the data. This is especially helpful when you are looking to use the data in order to find new connections.Data transferLike data analysis, data transfer also falls under the third core function of sending instructions. The most used data transfer often includes the provision of access to data vendors. The data you gather through a DMP can often be used by other agencies and companies and many are willing to purchase this information.ScalabilityFinally, a good DMP will provide the user the option of scalability. A good platform makes it easy to tweak the data collection and data analysis according to your needs. This is especially important for growing businesses.Furthermore, the amount of data av ailable for companies is growing constantly and you don’t want to limit your business approach by leaving out certain data points. A DMP must be able to use all possible data points efficiently in an instant to guarantee your data provides the maximum benefits to your business.THE BENEFITS OF USING DMPsThe above dealt with the essence of DMPs and the aspects behind a good platform. While DMPs can be used by companies operating in different fields, they are most commonly used by agencies, publishers and marketers.Typically, these organizations benefit from the opportunity to control vast amount of data in order to make decisions. Businesses that are looking to streamline their business approach or find more growth opportunities would definitely benefit from the service.DMPs are also crucial for improving the way a company communicates with its audience. If there is a need to boost marketing campaigns or to ensure you reach the correct audience, then a DMP is beneficial. Essentially , DMPs can provide its users with better return on investment (ROI). This is down to it being able to focus the company’s efforts towards the sectors and segments, which provide the biggest returns for the business.As the above highlights, marketers and other such agencies have traditionally championed the use of DMPs. But these days’ publishers are also using the platform in order to gain better understanding of the readership. For example, the Wall Street Journal collects data this way, as it helps streamline the financial services ads.So, what are the benefits that drive marketers, publishers and agencies towards these platforms? The key benefits DMPs provide to users include:Making it easier to research audience and their preferences. The automatization of DMPs ensures you get access to the data and the recommendations quickly. More traditional data collection methods could in fact mean the information you draw from the data is incorrect. But DMPs can make all the three key functions almost instantaneously.Getting the relevant messages across in a convenient and efficient manner â€" improves communication. DMPs area also useful for their flexibility. The huge amounts of data can be used in a number of ways and the information can easily be engineered to fit different aspects of business operations.Data research becomes easier and efficient â€" DMPs offer an alternative to fragmented alternatives, which often focus on predetermined segments.Retargeting marketing campaigns is easier, which in turn can guarantee your business is talking to the right audience at all times. It removes part of the cost factor of retargeting, as you don’t need to re-launch a data collection and analysis process.DMPs scalability makes it possible to ensure your marketing efforts are up to date depending on the growth of your company and its needs. The more data points you are able to include to your platform the more accurate and usable your information is going to be.Improv ing of website optimisation â€" marketing campaigns such as search engine optimisation (SEO) become much more straightforward.The above mentioned benefits are the main advantages of using DMPs. Naturally the importance of each might depend on your own needs. Marketers might take advantage of different benefits to publishers and so on.HOW TO START USING DMPAfter you understand the benefits of DMPs to your business, then you need to find the right platform for you to use. Starting to use a DMP isn’t difficult, but you should do enough research beforehand to ensure you find the right product for your needs.There are certain security and ethical aspects you naturally need to keep in mind when looking into using a DMP. Furthermore, there are a number of platforms available â€" some more suited to certain needs â€" and research into different platforms is crucial to ensure make the most of the product.The following are the key steps you need to take and the essential factors you need to keep in mind when looking into DMPs.Identify your needsWhen you are starting your research into DMPs, keep your own data needs at the forefront. Identify the data that is most usable to your business and set out the goals you want to achieve with your DMP. This can help narrow down the platforms.It is important to note that implementation, especially during the initial phase, is not done overnight. The process can be time consuming, so it is crucial to have a good understanding of your goals and needs before the implementation can begin.Security and ethical aspects of using DMPsOne important aspect you need to keep in mind is security. DMPs collect vast amounts of data and you need to make sure the platform you choose pays enough attention to this aspect. You need to make sure the collection of data doesn’t breach any information laws in your region and you naturally need to make sure the data you gather remains safe and secure. You don’t want other companies gain access to you r data without your knowledge.As mentioned briefly above, the data collection done by DMP also raises ethical questions. You need to be clear about the kind of data you are collecting and how you inform your clients about the data collection, its storage, and its use. You need to ensure your DMP keeps consumer rights and preferences at the forefront.Open and private DMPThere are two main types of DMPs: open and private DMPs.Open DMPs â€" if you opt for open DMP, the access to the data is more open for third party agencies. This could mean that advertisers are directly operating the open platform for you. Data collected with open DMPs is often related to website information, demographic and audience data and other advertising related data.Private DMPs â€" private DMPs often are used together with open DMPs, but they can also be used as a standalone platform. These gather data, which only aggregates the proprietary of marketing data. This includes data such as information on client pu rchases and user profiles.Picking the right programFinally, with the above in mind you can start looking into the different DMPs in the market. The industry has developed fast in the past few years and there are a number of options available.Your choice of platform might be influenced whether you are looking to operate the platform yourself or have an agency do it for you. Whichever approach works for you, always ensure you look into a few alternatives before making the choice.There have been numerous studies into the best DMPs in the market. The below programmes are not only the most common on the market, but were also chosen by the Forrester Wave report as some of the best in business.Adobe AudienceManagerX+1Blue KaiAggregate KnowledgeCoreAudienceKnoticenParioThe list is not comprehensive and you could look at other platforms as part of your research. But the above products are great for new users and provide many of the benefits and core function mentioned in this guide.CONCLUSIO NThe above shows that DMPs have become an integral part of company operations. The benefits of a proper DMP platform can transform your business’ approach and help it not only grow but also to improve its services and products. DMPs are quite simply the embodiment of the big data approach to business and marketing.DMPs have grown in importance in the past few years, as the importance of data has become more evident for a company survival. By understanding the benefits and the core functions of the platform, you can find the right approach to using a DMP as part of your marketing and publishing strategy.

Marriage in Seventeenth-Century England the Woman’s Story

Marriage in Seventeenth-Century England: The Woman’s Story Alice Brabcovà ¡ University of West Bohemia, Plzeň The seventeenth century represents a fascinating period of English history, drawing the attention of whole generations of historians. This turbulent age saw three major events that had a deep impact on England’ s political as well as social life—the English Revolution, the Restoration of the Stuarts in 1660 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688. Amidst the turmoil of the events, people’s everyday lives unfolded. While it was men’s preoccupation to keep the country’s political and economic affairs going, women had an indispensable, though far less public, part to play. This paper aims at providing an outline of the†¦show more content†¦Generally speaking, the poorer a girl was, the greater freedom she had in choosing her future husband. But even the children of the poor were expected to ask their parents for their blessing, though money had a small part to play here. There were several criteria which decided whether a match was ‘appropriate’. Contemporary moralists recommend that the couple should be of similar age, background, financial circumstances and religious beliefs. Concord in manners and interests was beneficial as well. The husband and wife should like and respect each other—even love each other—but they should beware of mere sexual fascination and look for inner qualities. The widespread opinion was that love came after the wedding. An example of such a marriage was the relationship of the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell with his wife Elizabeth. Though the two people married out of prudence, not love, in the course of time they developed a deep and enduring bond; thus, in one of her letters, Elizabeth writes to her husband, ‘Truly my life is but half a life in your absence’ (Carlyle 1888: 247). The key quality in a woman was an ability to run the household efficiently. 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Impact Of Incarceration Of Young Offenders - 1744 Words

What Impacts Incarceration of â€Å"Young Offenders† in the United States By Cedric Washington (Abstract) This study is to examine the impact of offenders under the ages of 18 becoming incarcerated in United States. In society today there a lot of young children of all races incarcerated throughout America. All around the world there are different classes of people that form a community. Within these communities, population grows and grows on a yearly basis. When looking at the topic of youth offenders, this issue I believe is a direct result of social placement. The environment that a child is brought up in will eventually dictate their path in life. A child that grows up in a household with both parents has a better chance to be successful. This single way of thinking can easily be altered, clearly depending on the child. The question that is being brought to the forefront is what components factor in incarcerated teenagers. Most of the young adults being incarcerated upon release will likely recommit similar crimes in the future. Being in adolescent the human mind is simila r to a sponge when it comes to retaining information. Emotional, physical and visual knowledge opens the door for many different possibilities to be withheld in an individual. As a young adult I believe it is important that youth are actively involved in positive activities. Curricular activities that will help provide a social and mental foundation for them toShow MoreRelatedRehabilitation Programs vs. Incarceration738 Words   |  3 PagesRehabilitation Programs vs. Incarceration 5 Running Head: Rehabilitation Programs vs. Incarceration Impact of Rehabilitation Programs and Incarceration for Juvenile Offenders Discussing the Importance of Rehabilitation Program Introduction Juvenile offenders are increasing day by day regardless of the efforts to control the youth crime. 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During colonial times, children wereRead MoreA More Punitive Justice System1092 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the offenders to live in. The purpose of prisons should be to rehabilitate offenders and prepare them to reenter society. Rather, what prions are doing is locking inmates away in atrocious environments, making them live with less resources and less space to function. This is not a suitable environment for any human being. Cook Roesh (2012) contend that, â€Å"double-bunking inmates increased because of overcrowding, and there are more segregation-like units which have limited offenders’ access toRead MoreHow Effective Is The Youth Justice System Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction How effective is the Youth Justice System in responding to youth crime? Since the arrival of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) came into effect, the crime rates have decreased. Previously Canada had one of the highest youth incarceration rates in the western world. However since the Youth Criminal Justice Act got put into place in 2003, the crime rates have declined significantly. The Youth Justice System does their best to better and rehabilitate the adolescents that get intoRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Should Severity Of Punishment For Young Offenders Be The Same As Adults?1200 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency: Should Severity of Punishment for Young Offenders Be the Same as Adults? Throughout centuries of development, crime and social safety are still the biggest concerns for a country since it can influence the political, economic, and social aspects. With the evolution of human civilization, more than seventy percent of the world has been urbanized into developed countries. These countries contain advanced technologies, highly-comprehensive policies and economic system. Along withRead MorePrison Overcrowding : The United States1535 Words   |  7 PagesStates has the highest number of incarcerated individuals than other countries. Offenders are arrested every day for minor and major offences such as murder. America is hard on crime. When someone breaks the law the criminal justice’s system seeks an eye for an eye. Prison overcrowding has become a major problem in the United States, it is very expensive to house an inmate and there are other methods to punish offenders without sending them to prison for extended periods of time. The American criminalRe ad MoreCompeting Theories of Corrections1624 Words   |  7 Pagesin the office a state senator, I have been asked to prepare a detailed outline on correctional theory in general and then make a series of suggestions on ways to implement some of the nontraditional theories of corrections. In reviewing mass incarceration there is often criticism of simple warehousing of human beings who are convicted of crimes. If it is a violent crime there is a need to safeguard society from future criminal acts of a person who is convicted of the most heinous offenses. I willRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential fa cilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For more

Problems with E-Banking Free Essays

The relevant statutes and cases 5 How the current legislations adequately 6 protect the consumers References 7 QUESTION: Analyse with relevant statutes and cases the problems with electronic banking and how the current legislations adequately protect the consumers overcoming these problems. ANSWER: The following are the problems with e-banking: 1. Time of payment:The opportunity for a customer to countermand or stop electronic payment is unclear. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems with E-Banking or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the transfer is effective before the countermand is received, then the paying institution will have paid in accord with its mandate and is not liable to reverse or restore payment to the customer. Cheques are only paid or effective once cleared, and the paying bank holds records of the appropriate debit, however with EFT there are 5 possible times of payment: a. The time of transmission. b. The entering of the transfer instruction into the transfer system. c. The time of receipt of the transfer instruction by the paying institution. . The time when the recipient financial institution decides to accept the payment. e. The time when the recipient financial institution credits the sum to the account of its customer. 2. Malfunctions: ADIs accept liability for direct loss if there is a malfunction in the system. In the case where an electronic malfunction resulted in non-payment of an amount of money due under a charter party agreement, such that one of the parties lost the benefit of a ship charter, resulting in the loss of millions of dollars, it may result to indirect or consequential loss.The Uniform Commercial Code, in the USA, prohibits recovery of consequential damages from a recipient bank for a delayed or otherwise mishandled funds transfer unless there is express written agreement permitting recovery between the bank and its customer. 3. Evidence of transactions: EFT transactions are usually evidenced at the point of transaction by a document proffered to the customer. The problem arises with the unauthorized or fraudulent use of the facility, this will result to the customer not discovering the unauthorized use until there is a periodic statement issued. . Security, fraud and liability: In accordance with cheques and bills, a customer is not ordinarily liable for losing a bill, cheque or cheque book or failing to check bank statements for inaccuracies; the duties owed by the customer to a bank are quite limited in scope. However in the case of debit and credit cards, the duties are quite different. The customer is under greater contractual duties regarding security and liability for fraud. He must keep the card in a safe place and is required to notify the bank immediately of its loss or theft. 5. Terms of contract:The terms of e-banking account are set by the ADI and are varied upon notice from time to time. Customers have little bargaining power and also problems with understanding the contractual obligations. To further illustrate this point, there is usually a â€Å"Conditions of Use† document supplied with a debit or credit card but rarely is it understood, and as soon as the customer signs the card or first uses it, they are deemed to have accepted the card on these conditions. The relevant statutes and cases illustrating the problems with electronic banking: 1.ANZ vs Westpac (1988) 164 CLR 662, A meat company (Jakes) had an account with the branch of the Westpac Bank. At the relevant time the account was overdrawn in the amount of $67,000. A customer presented to ANZ a cheque in favour of Jakes for $14,000, but, by reason of clerial error, ANZ credited Jakes account with Westpac for $114,000. By the time ANZ notified Westpac for the error, Westpac had applied the money in reducing the overdraft and in honouring a number of Jakes’s cheques. Jakes paid back only $2,500 of the $100,000 before going into liquidation.ANZ brought an action against Westpac to recover the overpayment, however Westpac sought to rely on the defence of ministerial receipt. Bth parties acted on the basis of concessions made by Westpac that the reduction of the overdraft anad the payment of certain cheques which could have been dishonoured by Westpac at the time was notified of the mistake should be ignored for the purposes of determining whether the moneys had been applied. As a result of the concessions it was accepted by Westpac that it had not applied $17,021 of the payment and that it was liable to return this amount. . Mercedes Benz v ANZ and National Mutual Royal Savings Bank Ltd (Part 2), Mrs R was employed by the plaintiff as a payroll supervisor. By arrangement with the second defendant, she was given forms for opening accounts for new employees of the plaintiff, and she received cards and PINs for accessing those accounts. The plaintiff paid wages and commissions by issuing a cheque in favour of NMRB who then credited the appropriate accounts. There was virtually no supervision of Mrs R after her appointment, nor did the second defendant ever question the creation of accounts.Mrs R defrauded the plaintiff company using several different schemes. For the purposes of the present note, the relevant scheme was to create accounts in fictitious names and then use those accounts for the deposit of cheques. How the current legislations adequately protect the consumers: To address these problems, a joint State and Federal Committee of Consumer Affairs Ministers prepared a Code of Conduct to be allowed by financial institutions. They were given some time to incorporate the Code into their standard EFT contracts or alternatively face l egislation. After amendments recommended by the Trade Practices Commission in 1989, the Code was implemented along with the Australian Banking Ombudsman Scheme. The current Code is now part of ASIC’s scope of administration.REFERENCES: 1. Restitution law: By Sharon Erbacher pg. 639 2. Law 330 module 2 pg. 30-32 3. Cases and materials on the law of restitution:  By Andrew Burrows, Ewan McKendrick, James Edelman pg. 838 4. http://austlii. edu.au/~alan/mb2. html, Mercedes Benz v ANZ and National Mutual Royal Savings Bank Ltd (Part 2), accessed on 20/08/10. How to cite Problems with E-Banking, Papers

PHILOCTETES Essay Paper Example For Students

PHILOCTETES Essay Paper A monologue from the play by Sophocles NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Dramas. Sophocles. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1906. PHILOCTETES: O what a drudge and sport of Gods am I!Of whose ill plight no whisper ever cameTo my own home, or any coast of Greece,But they who thrust me out unrighteouslyLaugh and keep silence, while my sickness everGrows on me and increases more and more.O boy! O son, calling Achilles sire,I am the man who, may be, thou hast heardWas master of the arms of Heracles,The son of P?as, Philoctetes! whomThe Captains twain and the Cephallenite kingCast out thus shamefullydesertedsickOf a consuming woundpierced through and throughBy the destroying vipers venomous fangs;And in this plight, boy, they exposed me here,Left me, and went! when from the Chrysean coastThey put in hither with their navy, straight,Soon as they saw me sleeping on the beach,Tired with long tossing, in a sheltered cave,They laughed, they went, they left me! casting meA few mean rags, a beggars garniture,And some poor pittance, too, of nourishment,Such as, I pray, be theirs! O then, my son,What sort of waking, think you , from that sleepHad I when they were gone! How did I weep,How did I wail, for my calamities!Seeing the ships which I was leader ofAll gone away, and no man in the placeWho should suffice me, or should comfort meIn the disease of which I laboured; yeaThough I sought everywhere, nothing I foundLeft to me, save my anguish; and, my son,Of that no lack indeed! Hour after hourPassed by me; and I must needs make shift alone,Under this scanty shelter. For my food,This quiver sought out what supplied my need,Hitting the doves on wing; then to the markOf the shot bolt I had to crawl, with pain,Dragging a wounded foot. If upon thisI wanted to get anything to drink,Or, as in winter when the hoar frost lay,To break some sticks to burn, this, creeping forth,I had to manage, in my misery.Ther there would be no fire; but striking hardWith flint on flint I struck out painfullyAn obscure spark, which keeps me still alive.Thus shelter overhead, not without fire,Furnishes all, save healing of my sore. Come now and hear about the isle, my son;No sailor willingly approaches it;For anchorage there is not, or a portWhither a man might sail, and make his martBy traffic, or find welcome; prudent menDo not make voyage here. Some one, perhaps,Might land against his will; for these things oftWill happen in the long-drawn life of men;But such, my son, when they do come, in wordsPity me, and in compassion give me, saySome morsel of food, or matter of attire;But that thing no man, when I hint it, will doTake me safe home; but this tenth year alreadyIn hunger and distress I pine and perish,Feeding the gnawing tooth of my disease.The Atrid?, and Ulysses violence,Have done me all this wrong; the like of which,O boy, may the Olympian Gods give themOne day to suffer, in revenge for me!

Michelle Obama Speech at the Democratic National Convention

How to Earn Computer Certifications Online

How to Earn Computer Certifications Online Whether you’re looking to broaden the number of companies you can apply to, or simply would like to learn a new skill, there are many options for technology certification and training online. While most credible certification processes require you to take the exam at an authorized testing location, almost all of them do permit you to do all training and preparation work via the internet.When seeking certification, keep in mind that not all types of certification require applicants to complete online training programs. In many cases, certification can be awarded simply by passing an exam. Most certification providers provide training and test prep, but they often charge additional fees to access it. It’s generally best to check the provider’s website for information on the certification first to get a good feel for what preparation is required and what you’ll need help with. Once you decide that the certification is right for you, note the cost to take the exam, and whether the certification provider offers any online assistance free of charge. Fortunately, there are some excellent resources for preparing for certification online that are available free of charge.Some of the more common certification types include: CompTIA A, Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE), Cisco Certification (CCNA CCNP), Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS), and the Certified Novell Engineer (CNE). CompTIA A Certification Employers often ask that those looking for IT type position carry some form of certification. For those looking to work with computer hardware, one of the most common certification sought is Comptia A. The A certification demonstrates that you possess the basic foundation of knowledge necessary to provide IT support and is often considered a good jumping off point for those looking to have a career working with computers. Information on the exam and links to online preparation options are available at Comptia.org. Free test prep can be obtained from ProfessorMesser.com. Microsoft Certified System Engineer The MCSE is a good certification to get if you’re looking for employment with a business that uses Microsoft networked systems. It’s good for those with a year or two of experience with networks and some familiarity with Windows systems. Information on the certification,  as well  as testing locations, is provided at the Microsoft website. Free preparation for the exam as well as training material can be found at mcmcse.com. Cisco Certification Cisco certification, particularly the CCNA, is highly valued by employers with large networks. Those looking for a career working with computer networks, network security, and internet service providers will be well served by Cisco certification. Information on certification can be found at Cisco.com. Free study guides and tools can be found at Semsim.com. Microsoft Office Specialist Certification Those looking to work with Microsoft office products such as Excel or PowerPoint will be well served with an MOS certification. While not often specifically requested by employers, an MOS certification is a strong way of demonstrating ones aptitude with a specific Microsoft application. They are also less intense to prepare for than some of the other common certifications. Information from Microsoft on this is available. Free test preparation can be difficult to find, but some practice tests are available for free at Techulator.com. Certified Novell Engineer The CNE is ideal for those looking to, or currently working with Novell software such as Netware. As Novell products seem less used today than they once were, this certification is probably ideal only if you already plan to work with Novell networks. Information on the certification can be found at Novell.com. A directory of free preparation materials can be found at Certification-Crazy.net.Whatever certification you choose to pursue, be sure to review the preparation requirements and costs. Some of the most difficult certification types can take many months to prepare for, so be sure that you’re able to invest the time and resources necessary to get certified. If your virtual certification efforts go well, you may also be interested in earning an online degree.

Course reveiw Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Course reveiw - Coursework Example The three objectives are, to increase brand loyalty, this targets customer’s interests in the produced product, and can increase customer’s reliability where they are able to purchase the same product over and over. For branding to be successful, it must assist in promotion, by conducting adverts, personal selling, this works like sales and marketing, they are all done by the use of the brand name. The two mentioned objectives help increase status and prestige of the producer, distributors to the customers and this flourishes the business. Introduction Stage  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a company or business comes up with ways of attracting customers either through adverts or sales and must be committed so as to outdo their competitors. Growth Stage  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this stage targets expansion of sales and pricing with an aim of making profits, with time, the businesses invest more money in the promotion activities to increase the potential of this stage. Maturity Stage  Ã¢â‚¬â€œthis is the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest in any marketing they undertake. There is need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process that might give bring a competitive advantage. Decline Stage  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this stage is inevitable to any type of business and reflects shrinking due to the market becoming saturated or because the consumers are changing to different types of products, but it is possible that companies will make profits by lowering their prices (Mohr, Sengupta & Slater, 2010 ). Bundle pricing common in supermarkets, where promotions are given, if one buys something, they are given another for free. Competition pricing some firms offers a price services that resembles service to what their competitors are offering so as to beat the competition in terms of customers. Skimming pricing a company tends to reduce the price for over 5 years,

Culture Identity Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture Identity - Research Proposal Example Ethnocentricity argues that the representation of an indigenous culture by outsiders must be done with a view to portray them as they would see themselves as. Thus, the concept applied to the Inuit is that the portrayal by outsiders should be analyzed from the frame of reference that of trying to understand their views about themselves. This does not mean that any outsider’s view of the Inuit is necessarily derogatory or biased. It just means that the views presented in the article must be balanced with the perspective of this concept. As such, the terms of reference for this paper reflect the concept very much and the attempt is to find out if the articles do so. Though the title of the article may sound patronizing and condescending, it nonetheless is a good representation of the way in which the article has been developed. My opinion on this is that the article should not be judged by the title alone and the contents of the same should be scanned for a deeper reading of the article. The article goes to great lengths to delve into the eating habits of the Inuit and makes a point that the way in which they have developed their eating habits is a function of the climatic conditions that they have been used to. Thus, the use of fatty foods is not because they do not want to stay healthy or fit, but the living conditions make them eat the fatty foods in order to survive in the extremely cold conditions. Of course, the living habits of the Eskimos are detailed to a great extent to indicate the fact that their lifestyle may not be healthy and hence they need the kind of foods that they take. The tone of the article is a bit patronizing, though. My feeling is that we are unable to shake off the tendency to look at ethnic groups in more favorable terms and thus we need to ensure that the same comes through in our representation of the groups. There are umpteen sentences in the article that

Business Ethics And Corporate Responsibility Marketing Essay

Business Ethics And Corporate Responsibility Marketing Essay Describe the basic features that distinguish the three traditional forms of business ownership: sole proprietorships, general partnerships and C corporations. ~Sole proprietorship is a business that is owned and managed by one individual. Earnings of the company are treated as income and debts that arise are personal debts. It is the most common type of business organization in United States. ~General partnership: In this type of business all partners have right to participate in management of the firm and share any profits or losses. There is no limit on number of partners but usually its two. ~C corporation is a legal entity, separate and distinct from its owners. Its owned by stockholders. Its mission and objective are established by board of directors and board of directors is selected by stockholders to protect their interests. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships and general partnerships. ~Both are easy to form, have tax advantages, and unlimited liability. ~General partnership has a stronger financial base than sole proprietorship. ~On the other hand, general partnership can be destroyed much easier than sole ~proprietorship because of disagreements between partners. ~ Another disadvantage in sole proprietorship is that workload and responsibilities are on one person while in partnership its shared. What advantages help explain why virtually all large companies are organized as C corporations? ~Corporations can raise huge amount of financial capital ~Its easy for stockholders to withdraw from ownership or sell shares of stock ~Stockholders have limited liability. They are not personally liable for the debts of the company. What steps are involved in starting a general corporation? ~Requires filing form called the articles of incorporation, with a specific state agency. ~Pay filling fees and establish corporate bylaws-basic the basic rules governing how a corporation is organized and how it manages its business. ~Companies also choose corporation friendly states, because not all states are friendly and charge a lot of money. How is a corporations board of directors chosen? Explain the role the board plays in a corporations management. ~ According to corporate bylaws stockholders elect board of directors that they rely on to manage company and protect their interests. ~Board of directors establishes the corporations mission and sets its broad objectives. ~Board of directors then assigns the chief of executive officer and other corporate officers to manage company. Explain how S corporations, statutory closed corporations, and nonprofit corporations differ from C corporations. ~S corporation: IRS does not tax earning separately, can have no more than 100 stockholders, each stockholder have to be U.S. citizen or permanent resident. ~Statutory close corporation: Doesnt have to elect a board of directors or hold annual stockholders meetings, number of stockholders are limited to 50, stockholders cant sell their shares to public without first offering to existing owners, not all states allow this type of corporation. ~Nonprofit corporation: Has members but not stockholders, cannot contribute funds to a political campaign, must keep accurate records, earnings are exempt from federal and state income, make tax deduction for individuals who contribute money or property. What are the three different types of corporate mergers? What is the rationale for each type? ~Horizontal merger: Combination of firms in the same industry. ~Vertical merger: Combination of companies with buyer-seller relationship. ~Conglomerate merger: Combination of unrelated companies. Compare an S corporation with a limited liability company. Why do you think limited liability companies are currently more popular than S corporations? ~While S corporation has limited numbers of owners, Limited Liability Company can have any number of owners. Unlike S corporation, owners of LLC can be foreign investors and other corporations. What is a business format franchise? What are the roles of the franchisor and franchisee in this arrangement? ~Business format franchise is an agreement in which the franchisee pays for the right to use the name, trademark and has to operate business according to the rules and principles of franchisor. ~Franchisor is owner and has to train and provide support franchisee; responsible for name brand recognition. ~Franchisee- has right to use franchisors name, trademarks, and patents; must follow methods and all the rules of franchisor; attend training meetings What are the main advantages and disadvantages of franchising arrangements for the franchisee? For the franchisor? ~Advantages for franchisee: less risk, training and support from franchisor, easier to borrow money from a bank ~Disadvantages for franchisee: Costs are very high, very little control, have to sell only what company sells, risk-not all companies live to their promises, growth challenges ~Advantages for franchisor: can expand the business to bring extra revenue without using own money. ~Disadvantages for franchisor: irresponsible behavior of franchisee cans cost companies success. Chapter Seven Small Business and Entrepreneurship: Economic Rocket Fuel: Review Questions Review the benefits an entrepreneur might seek in starting a new business. Which benefits are most appealing to you? Why? ~Greater financial success, independence, flexibility, challenge, survival. ~The benefits that appeal to me are independence, flexibility, and financial success. Do you recognize any of the entrepreneurial personality characteristics in yourselves? Which ones? Do you think its possible for a person to develop the characteristics that he or she lacks? Why or why not? ~Yes, I have few of entrepreneurial personality characteristics and they are self-reliance, confidence, energy, and tolerance of failure. ~I think it is hard but possible for a person to develop skills he or she lacks. It all depends on how bad that person wants to learn new skills that she or she doesnt have. What role does failure sometimes play in entrepreneurial success? What can an entrepreneur gain from failure? ~Entrepreneurs see failure as a chance to learn and succeed. Compare the opportunities and threats that small businesses face. Which opportunities are most compelling? Which threats are most intimidating? Why? ~Opportunities: Market niches, personal costumer service, lower overhead costs, technology. ~Threats: High risk of failure, lack of knowledge and experience, too little money, bigger ~Bigger regulatory burden, higher health insurance costs. ~Opportunity that compelling is personal customer service because with it small business owner can build personal relationship with a customer. Another opportunity that is compelling is lower overhead costs because no one wants to spend huge amount of money and wants to spend as less as possible. ~The biggest threat that is intimidating is high risk of failure. When someone starts a business, he or she wants to succeed and not to fail. People are scared of loosing even if they are tolerant to failure. Those that tolerant to failure dont give easily up like others do. Review the definition of niche marketer, and cite three examples of niche marketers. How has technology affected niche marketing? ~Market niche is a small segment of a market with fewer competitors than the market as a whole and tend to be more attractive to small firms. ~Organic cosmetics, Google, E-bay. ~Technology plays very important role today, because internet helped people to open new businesses and at the same time create more customers. It is good for businesses because they spend less money and grow faster. If you were to launch a new business, would you start from scratch, buy an established independent business, or buy a franchise? Why? ~I would launch a new business from a scratch. I know there are a lot of risks but I would want to be my own boss and make my decisions. How could you convince family and friends to support your new business launch? What kind of assurances would they need? What could you do to keep the funding relationships professional? ~First of all I would educate myself, learn from others, gain experience, and the most important create a business plan. Beyond personal resources, what are other funding options for small businesses? Why dont more entrepreneurs tap into these resources? ~Bank loans, angel investors, and venture capital firms. ~The reason that entrepreneurs are trying to avoid other resources besides personal is because they cause more headaches. Personal resources are probably the easiest to deal with. What are the key contributions of small business to the U.S. economy? Rank the benefits in terms of importance, and provide the reasons for your ranking. ~Small businesses play very important role in U.S. economy because they create new jobs, create new innovations at twice the rate of their big business counterparts, and they tend to find opportunities by offering products or services where big companies dont. What factors account for the dramatic differences in entrepreneurship rates around the world? Do you think entrepreneurship will continue to grow worldwide? Why or why not? ~Key factors that plays important role in different entrepreneurship rates around the world are national per capita income, entrepreneurs opportunity costs, and how much cultural and political environment supports entrepreneurs. Chapter Eleven Marketing: Building Profitable Connections with Your Customer Review Questions How does the American Marketing Association define marketing? How can marketers deliver value to their customers over the long term? ~The American Association defines marketing as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. ~In order to deliver value to customers over the long term marketers must to fill customers need and in the way exceed customers expectations. What are the four different kinds of utility that marketers can provide? Give an example (not from the book) of a product that delivers each type of utility. ~Form utility: iPhone ~Time utility: Walgreens 24/7 ~Place utility: Cafeteria on campus ~Ownership utility: Laptop What are the key categories of non-traditional marketing? Do you expect these areas to grow over the next decade? Why or why not? ~People, place, event, and idea marketing. ~I think that these areas will grow over decade because peoples interests change with each generation. Technology also changes and grows. How has marketing evolved over time? How have current events, economics, and culture influenced thinking about marketing? ~Marketing developed through different phases: production era, selling era, marketing era, and relationship era. ~During marketing era concept of marketing was born and now its growing more and more. Now, customer satisfactions became centerpiece of marketing. What are the key characteristics of a high potential target market? Is the biggest target market always the best? Why or why not? ~Size: need to have enough people to support business. ~Profitability: willingness of a customer to pay more than the cost of producing product. ~Accessibility: target needs to be reachable ~Limited competition: look for markets with limited competition ~I think that bigger market is always good because there are more people to support business and bring more profit to the company. Company can also use that money to build bigger target market by creating new products. What are the different ways to segment a consumer market? Does it make sense to use more than one segmentation variable? Why or why not? ~Demographic: dividing market based on peoples age, income, ethnicity, and gender. ~Geographic: dividing market into smaller groups depending where costumers live. ~Psychographic: dividing by groups based on costumer interests, values, attitudes, and lifestyles. ~Behavioral: dividing into groups based on how people react to the products ~It does make sense to use more than one segmentation, for example, demographic and psychographic. Describe the four elements of the marketing mix. What role does each element play in delivering value to customers? ~Product strategy: creating name, product image, package design, customer service, guarantees, new product development, and much more. ~Pricing strategy: price must be fair ~Distribution strategy: delivering a product to the right people, in the right quantities, at the right time and place. ~Promotion strategy: find effective way to promote product. ~All of these four elements play very important role in delivering value to customer. What are the five key dimensions of the marketing environment? How can marketers stay abreast of changes in each area? ~Competitive, economic, social/cultural, technological, political/legal. ~To stay on top of the things marketers must monitor each element of marketing environment and respond quickly and efficiently to change. Outline the steps in the consumer decision-making process. How can the marketer influence each step? ~Recognition: recognize need Information Search: previous experience with brands, family, friends Evaluation of Alternatives: price, quality Purchase decision: buys item because it was on sale and return policy is great Post purchase behavior: satisfied or not ~Marketer can influence each step by learning cultural, social, personal, and psychological life of customers. What are the key differences between primary and secondary data? Compare the benefits and drawbacks of each. ~Secondary data is existing data that marketers gather or purchase for a research project. Primary data is new data that marketers gather for a specific research project. ~Secondary data: Advantages- low cost Disadvantages- may not meet specific need, outdated, available to competitors ~Primary data: Advantages-customized to meet specific need, fresh and new, not available to anyone Disadvantages-more expensive Chapter Twelve Product Strategy: Delivering More Value Review Questions Review the marketing definition of product. Why do you think marketers define product so broadly? How does the definition of product affect quality? ~Product is anything that company offers to satisfy customers needs and wants; including both goods and services. ~I think marketers define product so broadly because it is made for one purpose only- to satisfy customer, whether its a good or service. So, when consumer buys a product he or she buys attributes associated with the product. ~If a product satisfies customer its good quality for that customer and if customer dissatisfied by product than its bad quality for him or her. Think of three different services that you use on a regular basis (e.g. a restaurant, a dental office). How does the service provider suggest in advance that the service will be high quality? ~Restaurant: advertisement, friendly staff ~Hair stylist: nicely designed salon, professional look ~Dental office: friendly and helpful staff Pure Goods Pure ServiceDraw a goods and services spectrum, and determine where to place the following products along the spectrum: a nightclub, a new motorcycle, a designer shoe store, an Internet search engine, a new snowboard, and a photography class. What are the reasons for your choices? new motorcycle designer shoe store internet search engine new snowboard night club photography class ~New motorcycle and snowboard are pure goods. ~Designer shoe store and night club are service with goods. ~Internet search engine and photography class are pure service. What are the marketing benefits of identifying the actual product, the core product, and the augmented product? ~Actual product: the actual product itself and its uniqueness ~Core product: satisfies customers needs ~Augmented product: additional good or service to sharpen competitive edge (warrantees, manuals, etc.) List five examples of products that are commonly purchased as either business products or consumer products. How would the classification impact the marketing strategy? ~Computer, phone, table, truck, cleaning service ~Consumer products purchased for personal use and business products purchased to produce another product or service. ~Consumer classifications are convenience product, shopping products, specialty, products, and unsought products. ~Business product classification are installations; accessory equipment; maintenance, repair, and operating products; raw materials; components and processed materials; and business services. Why are product line and product mix decisions so important? What are the risks of making poor decisions regarding these factors? ~Product line and product mix are very important if company wants to make good profit by making customer happy. ~Poor decision regarding these factors might cause company to loose its profits. Would it ever make sense for a firm to offer a new product line that they know would cannibalize an existing line? Explain your answer. ~I dont think it make any sense, especially if company knows that that new product line will cannibalize existing line why even create it. Company can loose a lot of money. Think of one of your favorite brand names. Does the brand name fit the characteristics of an excellent name? Do you think it matters? Why or why not? ~100% Pure. Yes, I think brand name fits characteristics of an excellent name because its short and easy to remember. ~I do not think its a must for a company to fit characteristics of an excellent name because another company I really like called Dr. Hauschka. The name is hard to pronounce and hard to memorize but I love Dr. Hauschka products. What are the three different levels of product innovation? Which is most common? Can a business survive long term with only continuous innovation? Why or why not? ~Discontinuous Innovation, dynamically continuous innovation, continuous innovation. ~I think that most common are continuous innovation and dynamically continuous innovation. ~I think it is possible to survive long term with only continuous innovation because the goal of it to create product better than competitor. For example, Lifeway kefir company its getting better and better adding more products different flavors and so on. What are the four stages of the product life cycle? How does product life cycle stage impact marketing strategy? ~Introduction, Growth, Maturity, Decline ~Life cycle help marketers plan effective strategies for existing products and identify profitable categories for new products. Chapter Thirteen Distribution and Pricing: Right Product, Right Person, Right Place, Right Price Review Questions Explain the difference between channel of distribution and physical distribution. ~Channel distribution is the path that a product takes from the producer to the consumer, while physical distribution is the actual movement of products that path. Explain the role of channel intermediaries in the product distribution process. Why is their role important? ~Channel intermediaries are distribution organizations that help to move products from factories to the consumers. How do intermediaries add value to the products they distribute? Find an example of a distributor that adds each of the six types of utility. ~They add value by reducing the number of transactions and the associated costs required for goods to flow from producer to consumer. Distributors also can add form, time, place, ownership, information, and service utilities. ~Wal-Mart What is the key difference between merchant wholesalers and agents/brokers? What are the risks and benefits of each approach for producers? ~Merchant wholesalers take legal title to the goods they distribute and reduce the risk for producer that the products might be damaged or stolen. Disadvantage for producers is that marketing strategies and pricing belong to wholesaler. ~ Agents and brokers dont take legal ownership of the goods they distribute. Since agents and brokers dont have legal ownership of goods, producers at higher risk, but they have more control over the product. Do you think that the shoppertainment approach to retailing will continue to grow? Why or why not? ~Yes, I defiantly think that shopping and entertainment approach to retailing will continue to grow because its more fun for people to go to places where they can have fun or their kids. Even if prices are going to go up, people will still to come to such places. Even I want to go to places like Hershey Chocolate World. Explain the differences among intensive, selective, and exclusive distribution strategies. Name an example of each that isnt listed in the text. ~Intensive distribution involves placing products in as many stores as possible or stores themselves in many locations as possible.(gas stations) ~Selective distribution means placing product only in preferred stores and establishing stores in limited locations.(Home Depot) ~Exclusive distribution means establish one retail outlet in a given area.(Ikea) Who benefits most from collaborative supply chain relationships? Explain your answer. ~Companies that specialize in helping other companies manage the supply chain. Many companies turned to supply chain to build a competitive edge but due to complication many firms choose to outsource challenge to experts. Why is price such a difficult variable for marketers to control? What factors must they consider in setting prices? ~Price is hard for marketers to control because people have limited amount of money, so they cant set high prices. The prices have to be as low as possible so that people would be willing to buy, but at the same time marketers, when determining the final price, must consider their costs, competitors, investors, taxes, and product strategies. ~Building profitability, boosting volume, matching the competition, creating prestige Driving volume is a key pricing objective for many businesses. Find an example of a marketer that uses each of the volume oriented pricing strategies. Do you think this approach is effective? Why or why not? ~I dont know any marketer that uses each of the volume oriented pricing strategies. I do not think that this approach would be effective. How does a breakeven analysis help marketers determine the best price for their products? What other factors should be considered? Why? ~Its a process that helps determine the number of units company must sell to cover all costs. ~At breakeven point company doesnt make any profit so, breakeven analysis helps marketers get a sense where are they standing. So, to make a profit company needs consider factors: raise prices, decrease variable costs, decrease fixed costs. Chapter Fourteen Marketing Promotion: Delivering High-Impact Messages Review Questions How has marketing promotion evolved over the past decade? How has technology contributed to the changes? ~Promotion is marketing communication that influences consumers by informing, persuading, and reminding them about product. The effective promotion builds strong relationship between customers and companies, drawing customers back to the company again and again. ~Technology has empowered consumers to choose how and when they want to interact with media. Why is integrated marketing communication such a challenge for marketers? How can marketers encourage teamwork and coordination? ~Because consumers combine messages from all sources to form unified impression of a product and marketer cant control every massage consumer sees or hears about their product. ~Solid teamwork must begin from the top. Everyone who manages the marketing massage needs to have information about the customer, the product, the competition, the market, and the strategy of the organization. When all parties have access to the same data, they are more likely to be on the same page. Do you think a rational or an emotional premise works better for marketing promotion? Why? Does your answer change across product categories? Use examples to support your perspective. ~I think that both rational and emotional premise works for marketing promotion, its just depends on the product. Its more interesting when both are there and people like humor. Why are the key risks and the potential rewards of product placement in both movies and television? Do think this promotional tool will continue to grow? Why or why not? What ethical issues have emerged as marketers explore new ways of grabbing consumer attention? Use examples to support your points. Do you think that cable television advertising spending will eventually eclipse network television advertising spending? Why or why not? Given that each type of media offers strengths and drawbacks, what factors should you consider in developing a media plan for a specific product? What are the advantages and disadvantages of publicity? Is it ethical for marketers to try to influence the media? Explain your answer. What are the six stages in the selling process? What role does each stage play? Which stage do you believe is most important? Why? How can you determine the right promotional mix for a specific good or service? What key factors should you consider?

Public Education Essay

A free public education is one of the many aspects of American culture that makes it one of the most desirable countries in which to live.   In fact, education in America has been a standard duty of the government, particularly the states, since public schools were begun in the days of the pilgrims and pioneers.   Unfortunately, as the years progressed, education became more complex and more rigidly structured. Conversely, achievement seemed to lag behind the acceptable level.   Therefore, learning for learning’s sake was replaced by the trend towards higher and higher standardized test scores.   Bush’s No Child Left Behind (NCLB) mandate pushed schools and teachers into greater accountability processes.   Schools created scripted curriculum guides that left little room for creativity.   The competitive march towards the highest scale score was on!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unfortunately, to the school systems, its employees and its students, failure to march properly carried stiff penalties.   Schools faced a variety of sanctions if scores did not rise to the appropriate level or at the appropriate rate.   First, schools faced state or even federal intervention. Evaluative and prescriptive teams would enter the schools to mandate changes in policy, curriculum and even staffing.   Another obstacle was parental choice.   For the wealthier, private schools have been an alternative to lagging public schools for years, but in the early 1990s, the school voucher plan made this option viable to a wider spectrum of families.   Ultimately, the voucher propositions never passed the state legislatures (Pipho, 1994). A few years later, charter schools developed outside the sphere of both public and private schools.   These charter schools developed as a way to reform schools and received funds from private organizations and business.   The idea took off even though researchers are quick to note that charter schools have done little to raise test scores (Vine, 1997)   Lastly, the idea of merit pay directly appealed to the pocketbooks of teachers and administrators by offering monetary reward for good scores.   While observers feel it is wrong to base a teacher’s pay just on his test scores, researchers feel that â€Å"because the amounts involved are relatively small, it’s worth experimenting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Keller, 2006).   Each of these new options moved American education closer and closer to the idea of privatizing schools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The privatization of schools has now expanded to include the realm of educational consulting.   These high-paid individuals are hired by the school systems to aid individual schools in planning strategies for curriculum, classroom management, discipline, finance, and teacher recruiting, to name a few (Sheffer, 2002).   In 1994, the Minneapolis school system became the first to hire a consulting firm to run their district.   In California, the state superintendent of public instruction was a man who had a background in business as a consultant who helps financially ailing corporations (Pipho, 1994). In 1997, Phyllis Vine reported that twenty-eight states had passed legislation to provide for the hiring of management companies.   In the last nine years that number has grown, with both positive and negative reactions from the customers.   Teachers complained that the new curriculum was too restrictive and gave them no freedom to teach what they wanted.   The consultant responded by asserting that restrictiveness was needed to get the teachers, kids and schools back on track (Hayden, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The decision to link private business to school systems does make sense for some.   Sheffer notes that â€Å"the obvious similarities between academic work and consulting are the emphasis on analytic thinking, writing and the focus on research† (2002) Thus, more and more states are turning to educational consulting firms to help them refocus on their educational goals.   On such state is Mississippi.   Mississippi, as a state, has typically been at the bottom of lists comparing states’ educational achievements.   In the 2005 Smartest State rankings published by Morgan Quitno Press, Mississippi fell two spots from the previous year to 49th   (â€Å"Vermont,2005†). Spencer, (2004), attempts to explain the state’s low achievement and scores by pointing to the socioeconomic and achievement gaps between white students and minority students.   Even in younger grades, the black and Hispanic subgroups lagged behind the white students in language and reading.   In middle school, the gap widened alarmingly.   Ninety-six of white students scored at proficiency or better in language, and 94% scored at this same level in reading. But Hispanic students’ numbers were 9 percentage points lower in both areas than whites, while black students were 8 points lower in language and 19 points lower in reading.   He goes on to note that the problem got progressively worse in the 1990s.   Overall, by high school, â€Å"only one in 50 Hispanic and black 17-year-olds can read and gain information from specialized text-such as the science section of a newspaper – compared to about one in 12 white students† (Spencer, 2004). Yet, when education officials like Randy McCoy, who is the Tupelo Superintendent, are confronted with these figures, they are quick to point out that students of all races do well and students of all races do not do well.   The fear seems to be that teachers will be accused of teaching students of different races differently.   Yet, Mike Walters, who is a former Tupelo Superintendent, agrees that the achievement gap is due to a difference in expectations. He points to the strongest teachers and notes that their students, regardless of race and socioeconomic status, achieve.   Walters offers, â€Å"We are not expecting students to achieve, and expectations are everything† ( Spencer, 2004).  Ã‚   The Tupelo district is about 65 % white with most students from lower income homes.   Its scores have held steady in the low 80% passing range with an odd surge into the mid 90s in 2003 (â€Å"Mississippi DOE Test Data†).   JBHM has recently started working with the Tupelo Municipal schools. (â€Å"Experience,† n.d.). One way Mississippi is trying to combat their ailing system is by restructuring its testing program.   In September of 2000, the Mississippi Board of Education (MBOE) approved State Board Policy IHF-1.   IHF-1 changed the graduation requirements beginning with the freshman class entering in 2000.   Among the requirements was to pass the subject area test English II, generally administered in the 10th grade.   Thus, the first available scores for the class entering in 2000 were recorded in 2001 (â€Å"MBOE,† 2000).   This group was expected to graduate in 2004. Another way is by hiring a local educational consulting group to help them work with curriculum.   Former Tupelo Superintendent, Mike Walters is now a consultant with the JBHM Education Group in Jackson.   JBHM is a general consulting agency that also operates the JBHM Education Group, LLC.    This group was opened in 2000 as â€Å"an educational management services company with a mission of assisting school communities in their efforts to better organize themselves, and, in turn give the families the support needed to ensure the success of their children† (â€Å"Services,† n.d.).   According to the group, the consults go into the schools and analyze the areas of need as specified by the hiring body.   They then, if directed, design a curriculum fashioned after Robert Marzano’s â€Å"viable curriculum,† one of his eleven factors of student achievement (Marzano, 2003) JBHM’s mission was developed by Mike Walters and cofounder Gary Bailey.   It is simply â€Å"to enhance a school’s ability to prepare children for success† (Vickers, 2005. p. 3).   JBHM has focused recently on developing curriculums for algebra, biology, English, United Sates history and middle school math.   Walters says, â€Å"These are highly-structured, full-blown plans that start with day one and go through the end of the school year† (Vickers, 2005, p. 3) JBHM, as of their most recent website posting, serves 34 school districts in Mississippi.   The do work in other states, including their contract deal of March 2006 totaling 1.6 million dollars to work with the Caddo School District in Louisiana (Brumble, 2006).   They achieved this contract by boasting statistics that ninety percent of the schools they assisted showed a rise in test scores (Brumble, 2006).   Undoubtedly numerous Mississippi schools are on this list. According to the Mississippi Board of Education Agenda from September 10, 2004, a contract was approved with the JBHM Education Group to â€Å"assist in providing technical assistance to implement the school improvement process in Priority Schools (â€Å"MBOE,† 2004).   As explained in a news release dated December of 2004, â€Å"Schools that do not meet achievement goals or show expected academic improvement receive a ranking of Level I (Low Performing) with the lowest of these deemed ‘Priority Schools’ †Ã‚   (â€Å"Town Meetings†¦, 2004). Part of the new Board Policy IHF-1 makes passing the English II test required for graduation for the graduating class of 2004, who were first tested in 2000/2001 school year. These first scores were used for developing scale scores, according to the Mississippi Statewide Testing Program website. The English II test, which replaces the previous language and reading tests mentioned in earlier, has been consistently difficult for low achieving schools in Mississippi.   Betty Rose Breazeeale, the Lamar County testing coordinator, agreed by saying that she recognized the need to work on the English II, adding that â€Å"It is our lowest score, and I think that’s a statewide problem† (Mees, 2005).   According to the Mississippi Department of Education Subject Area Content Test website, the English II test   measures knowledge of language conventions, reading comprehension and effective writing skills†¦The test consists of two separate administration:   English II Multiple Choice and English II Writing†¦The 85 multiple-choice, passage-based items are divided into two sections:   Language Conventions and Reading Comprehension.   The writing test includes four writing prompts – two narrative mode prompts and two informative mode prompts.   Students will select and respond to one of the narrative prompts and one of the informative prompts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the MBOE approved the contract for JBHM to consult in Priority Schools statewide in 2004, some districts had already contracted its services well before then.   These districts paid for the services themselves through grants or other local funding mechanisms.   The Tunica school board hired JBHM Education Group for the 2000/2001 school year (Hayden 2002).   The Hinds district is actually featured on the JBHM Education Group website, boasting its rise in scores from 2001 to 2003.   Others, like the North Bolivar and Neshoba joined the club as a result of the Priority School initiative administered by the MBOE.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All scores on the English II tests may be compared to the figures reported on the Mississippi Statewide Testing Program website administered by the MDOE.   They report figures for 2002 as 70% passing the multiple choice reading and 84% passing the narrative/informative writing test.   In 2003 these percentages rose to 78 and 94 respectively, and settled into 85% and 84% narrative/89% informative for 2004.   It should be noted that in 2004, the state began reporting the writing portion of the test as two separate scores, listing the narrative first, then the informative.   Analysis seems to indicate that scores dropped slightly when this shift took place with the greater drop being in the narrative score (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†). One of the first schools to take advantage of the JBHM consultants, the Hinds AHS school is worthy of its spot on the JBHM website.   Hinds County School District is a fairly large district.   Hinds AHS is described as a rural, integrated school with an average to below-average socio-economic base (â€Å"Hinds AHS,†Ã‚   2006). Beginning with passing rates at only 18% on the English II multiple choice test and 40% on the writing portion when JBHM came aboard, they jumped to 22%   and 55% respectively in one year and, from there, to 77% and 92% respectively in the second year ( â€Å"MDOE Test Data†) . For the county itself, which contains seventeen high schools in the area of Clinton,   Mississippi, the scores went from passing rates of 72% (reading) and 75% (writing) in 2001 to an 81% in reading and a an 83% in writing (â€Å"Mississippi Test Data†).   In the JBHM-operated school (Hinds AHS), more remarkable gains were noted, while other high schools showed less of an improvement.   It is hard to deny Hind AHS’s phenomenal rises in English II scores.   They started out well below the rest of the county and ended up with a passing rate higher than the district average. The Tunica district, an even more rural, plantation area of Mississippi has a past that is â€Å"rooted in Tunica’s plantation lifestyle and its racial separatism. Tunica is a tiny white island in a majority black county† (Parker, 2002).   Ã‚  Rose Fort High school, associated with JBHM since the onset of the new testing requirements, is comprised of extremely poor black students with only 1 % white and 1% other racial students (â€Å"Rose Fort High,† 2006).   JBHM director Mike Walters recognizes how Tunica’s social issues are reflected in its education when he says, â€Å"Tunica is in a community-building stage right now.   They are divided racially still.   You can’t just dump money in a community like that and expect things to happen.   It’s going to take a long, long time. (Hayden 2002).   Despite its circumstances, however, this single Tunica high school has also made some significant gains in English II scores.   The data was not recorded for 2001, but the 2002 scores of 33% passing on the multiple choice portion and the 57% passing on the writing portion jumped to 54% and 83% respectively in only one year (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Again, the advances are astounding. Lamar school district also serves a rural county.   It, like Tunica, far exceeds the state average of students on free and reduced lunch, which is generally the yardstick for measuring the socioeconomic population of a school.  Ã‚   The only difference is that students in Lamar are predominantly white.     Only one high school of the four reflects a more integrated population (â€Å"Lamar High Schools, † 2006).   Their English II scores have shown growth as well.   The reading and writing scores have risen from the 87 and 89 percent passing to highs of 92 and 95 percent passing in two years with an odd dip in the reading multiply choice scores in 2004. (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Even though Lamar began in a less desperate situation, its gains with the help of consultants are also significant.   Though the percentage gain seems less impressive, most educators realize that gains like this are harder to achieve as students scores improve and that each subsequent gain is definitely cause for celebration. Neshoba school district located in Philadelphia, Mississippi, is a more integrated district that has shown gains through the use of consulting.   Classified as a small town district, the students in Neshoba’s four high schools are more integrated than those in Lamar or Tunica . While more students than the state average qualify for free or reduced lunch, they are socioeconomically better off than Lamar or Tunica students (â€Å"Neshoba County,† 2006). Paid for by a NCLB grant, JBHM began consulting in Neshoba County for the current, 2005/2006, school year to aid primarily with English II and Algebra I in its high schools (Edwards, 2006). The county’s English II scores in 2002 were 67% passing in reading and 76 % passing in writing.   The scores rose in 2003 to 85% and 89% respectively, but then in 2004 rose to an 89% in reading but fell to 86 % in writing (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Some schools fared worse than others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The system hopes to post scores in the 90s with the consulting firm if the teacher can get on board.   Joey Blount, principal of Neshoba Central High School, admits to Edwards that the presence of the consultants and the frequent observations make his teachers nervous.   â€Å"Anytime you’ve got people coming to observe your work, it’s going to be an uncomfortable situation† (Edwards, 2006).   Superintendent for curriculum and instruction Beth Jackson concurs.   â€Å"Change can be very difficult for a lot of people, but in some areas we needed change.   We weren’t happy with our test scores.   I think they (the teachers) realize we needed to change, but some are better at it than others (Edwards, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, the administrators in Moss Point and Meridian Schools are also impressed.   Tressie Harper, Moss Point Superintendent, is proud of the gains made in her students’ English II scores.   Moss Point has been working with JBHM since 2003 and in that time has noticed a steady increase in reading scores from 55% in 2002 to 60% in 2003 to 63% in 2004 (Vickers, 2005 and â€Å"MDOE Test Data†) to 75% in 2005 (â€Å"Moss Point High School,† 2005). As in Neshoba and Lamar, the writing scores seemed the most erratic rising from 74% to 91% to 71% to 75% in the same four years (â€Å"MDOE Test Data† and â€Å"Moss Point High School,† 2005).   Perhaps this could be explained by the aforementioned change in the reporting of writing test scores in 2004.   It is possible that the focus of the test shifted slightly at that point as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, the single Meridian high school shows similar improvement in English II with a three year rise in percentage passing scores from 2002 to 2004 from 57 to 74 to 77.  Ã‚   The writing scores showed a similar rise (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Sylvia Autry, Meridian Public School Superintendent claims that she has worked with several educational consultants and that JBHM has been the â€Å"most focused† (Vickers, 2005, p. 3).   Both Moss Point and Meridian are characterized by a slightly higher black than white student body with the majority on free and reduced lunch (â€Å"Moss Point High School, † 2006)   and â€Å"Meridian High School†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   North Bolivar is another recent addition to JBHM’s client list.   A year ago, the MBOE asked the Governor to deem the North Bolivar School District a state of emergency.   This designation is reserved for school districts that have over half of the schools meeting Priority School status.   State Superintendent Hand Bounds issued to investigations and concluded that the students’ needs were not being met (â€Å"Mississippi Board†¦,† 2005). North Bolivar is an exceptionally poor small town district which is 97% black.  Ã‚   Its reading scores have barely reached 80% (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Score released in 2006 will tell whether or not JBHM will be successful there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly JBHM consulting or any consulting agency is not necessary for all school districts.   Wealthier more urban areas such as Jackson and Laurel counties consistently post English II scores in the high 80s high 90s.   However, when one compares the multiple choice   scores of Hinds AHS (77% reading), whose population is significantly more challenging based on socioeconomic factors, to Jackson’s (85% reading) , the aforementioned achievement gap appears to be closing. The exact role that JBHM plays in this factor is undetermined since all factors cannot be factored in statistically.   For example, the threats of school closings and consolidations due to a lack of funds plague systems across the country as will as in Mississippi.   One mother in Lamar district commented about the dip in Lamar’s 2004 reading scores; â€Å"They [the students and teachers)] went through so much with the school closings†¦Everybody here was upset. The teachers were upset. If it weren’t for that fear, the scores probably would have been just as good as last year [2003]† (Mees, 2005). In addition, the 2005 hurricane season devastate education in many parts of Mississippi. About 160,000 students in 271 public schools in 44 school districts in the path of the hurricane have been impacted, said Steve Williams, special assistant to the state superintendents. State Superintendent Bounds said that some schools were unable to have classes for 2-3 months.   Some schools were completely destroyed (Hayden, 2005).   Clearly this crisis would impact test scores at all levels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One thing is clear.   Schools are in need of support services from somewhere.   Initial data seems to indicate that consulting firms, while not the perfect answer, do provide the structured support that some schools need.   Their exorbitant costs will be prohibitive for some school districts, but perhaps with grant programs, they may still benefit from their services.   As the first decade in 2000 pulls to a close, school reform will be steadily underway.   The extent of the change and the consultant’s role in it remain uncertain, but hopeful. References Brumble, Melody. (2006).   â€Å"Caddo School Board Debates Merits of Consulting Proposal.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shreveport Times.   Retrieved March 29, 2006 from www.shreveporttimes.com/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apps/pbcs.dll/article?Date=20060321&Category=NEWS†¦. Edwards, Jeff.   (2006).   â€Å"Neshoba Schools Employ Consultant to Improve Scores.†Ã‚   The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neshoba Democrat.   Retrieved March 28, 2006 from www.neshobademocrat.com/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   print.asp? ArticleID=12190&SectionID=2&Subsectional. â€Å"Experience.†Ã‚   JBHM Education Group, LLC.   Retrieved on March 26, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jbhm-edgroup.com/experience Hayden, Cathy. (2002). â€Å"Schools and More Money:   Plenty of lessons learned.†Ã‚   The Clarion- Ledger. Retrieved on March 29, 2006, from http://orig.clarionledger.com/news/0210/14/m01.html. Hayden, Cathy.   (2005).   â€Å"Angry Parents Want Shelby Schools Chief Fired.† The Clarion-Ledger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved March 30, 2006 from http://www.clarionledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article? AID=/20051113/NEWS/511130388/1†¦. â€Å"Hinds AHS.† (2006).   SchoolTree.Org.     Retrieved March 30, 2006, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mississippi.schooltree.org/counties-page1.html Keller, Bess. (2006).   â€Å"Florida Ready to Demand Bonuses Based on Test Scores.†Ã‚   Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Week.   Retrieved March 30, 2006 from http://www.edweek.org/agentk-12articles2006/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   02/22/24fla.h25.html?print=1. â€Å"Lamar High Schools.† (2006).   SchoolTree.Org.     Retrieved March 30, 2006, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mississippi.schooltree.org/counties-page1.html Marzano, Robert J.   (2003). â€Å"11 Factors.†Ã‚   What Works in Schools.   Retrieved March 30, 2006   from   http://www.whatworksinschools.org/factors.cfm. Mees, Reuben. (2005).   â€Å"Area Schools Show Mixed Results on Tests.† Hattiesburg American. 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